Aberdeen

Aberdeen (/ˌæbərˈdiːn/ (listen); Scots: Aiberdeen [ˌeːbərˈdin] (listen); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [ˈopəɾ ˈʝɛ.ɪɲ]; Latin: Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. This city is one of Scotland’s 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City^[3]). And it has a 2020 population estimate of 198,590 for the city.^[2] And 227,560 for the local council area^[4] making it the United Kingdom’s 39th most populous built-up area.

This city

The city is 93 mi (150 km) northeast of Edinburgh and 398 mi (641 km) north of London. And is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. It has a long, sandy coastline and features an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters.^[5]

During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen’s buildings incorporate locally quarrie grey granite, which may sparkle like silver. Because of its high mica content.^[6] Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, It has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe.^[7] Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don, the area around this city  think to have  settled for at least 6,000 years.^[8]

Such city received royal burgh status from David I of Scotland (1124–1153).^[9] Which transformed the city economically. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles overtake by the oil industry And Aberdeen’s seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world,^[10] and the seaport is the largest in the north-east part of Scotland.^[11] There are two universities in Aberdeen: the University of Aberdeen. In 1495 and locate in Old Aberdeen, and Robert Gordon University which is located in Garthdee area and received university status in 1992.

In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a leading business hub and one of eight ‘super cities’ spearheading the UK’s economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland so designated.^[12] In 2018, Aberdeen  found to be the best city in the UK to start a business in a study released by card payment firm Paymentsense.^[13]

History[edit]

The Old Town House, Old Aberdeen. Once a separate burgh, Old Aberdeen  incorporated into the city in 1891

The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years.^[8] The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary.^[14] The earliest charter  granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I.^[15]

In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city’s Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians.^[16][17]

During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by executing the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770.^[18]